TRINITY COLLEGE | Scavenger Hunt with Great-Nieces, April 2019

L to R: Grace, Helen and Alice, with a portion of the
Portrait Gallery of Trinity Alumnae behind them.

OXFORD, April 14, 2019—We are visiting Trinity College with Alice's great-nieces, Grace and Helen.

We organized the visit as a Scavenger Hunt with nine treasures to hunt for and one more for advanced credit. All nine of the main treasures were located and visited.

L to R: Helen and Grace, in front of
the double-headed griffin.

Trinity College is Stop 14 on the Oxford Bus Tour. It is a short walk to Stops 19 and 20 to the west, Stop 8 to the south and stop 13 to the east.

Trinity was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas Pope, who handled the dissolution of the monasteries for Henry VIII and thereby became personally wealthy during that period. 

He also became an adviser to Henry VIII's daughter Mary Tudor, who became Queen Mary I. The tomato-juice drink "Bloody Mary" is named after her, perhaps unjustly since the number of Protestants she executed was a fraction of the Catholics and others who resisted Henry VIII. 

The Trinity College Chapel was the first at Oxford to be designed on pure classical principles. Its design was assisted by Sir Christopher Wren. The tomb of the founder is in the Chapel; Trinity is the only college at Oxford to have its founder buried within.

SCAVENGER HUNT, TRINITY COLLEGE 

[✔️] The Portrait Gallery of Trinity alumnae (see photo at the top of this post).

[✔️] The Two-Headed Griffin (see photo above right). The griffin, also spelled griffon or gryphon, was in ancient times considered to be the guardian of gold and empires. The griffin has the head and wings of an eagle and the body of a lion — the king of the air atop the king of the jungle.

L to R: Helen and Grace, in
front of the Pig & Whistle.

[✔️]The justly famed Grinling Gibbons carvings, recently restored. Photo to be included...

[✔️] The Stuart gate, which is kept locked until the House of Stuart returns to the throne.

[✔️] The Pig & Whistle, guest room (see photo at left). Note to potential guests: This is emergency accommodation more than a royal suite. You may prefer the Presidential Suite at the Randolph.

[✔️] The Portrait of Pitt the Elder (Lord Chatham), who championed the colonies in their battle with the French in what is called in the United States the "French and Indian War", and made possible the American Revolution. Pitt was a Trinity alumnus.

[✔️] The Portrait of Lord North, who was intransigent in his advocacy, in Parliament and in his recommendations for policy to George III, that the American colonies must pay for British troops in America. Lord North thereby made the American Revolution inevitable. He is one of Trinity's three Prime Ministers, and the least admired. (The third Prime Minister was Lord Wilmington, who gave his name to the capital of Delaware.)

L to R: Helen and Grace in front
of a tribute to Trinity's four bumps
in 2013.

[✔️] The Commemoration of four "bumps" in Eights Week, 2013, by the First VIII (see photo at right). The bumps that year included Trinity neighbor Wadham College and rival Balliol College. A bump means that a boat's prow passed the stern of the boat in front, and they exchange places in the "head of the river" races.

[✔️] The Portrait of George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore, who with his two sons Cecil (who became the 2nd Lord Baltimore) and Leonard (who became Governor of Maryland) founded the colony of Maryland. The colony was named either after Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I, or, more probably, the Virgin Mary. All three Calverts were Trinity alumni.

L to R: George Calvert (1st Lord Baltimore, 
founder of Maryland), Helen.

The photo at left shows Helen in front of the portrait of George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore (1579-1632), Secretary of State for England, Founder of the Maryland Colony (later the State), as a haven for Roman Catholics. 

The original portrait was by Daniel Mytens the Elder, circa 1624. The copy was donated to Trinity College by the Society of the Ark and the Dove, by permission of the Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore. The donation was arranged as the result of a relationship with the Calvert family under Trinity College Presidents Michael Beloff and Sir Ivor Roberts.

Although George Calvert never went to what is now Maryland, he made the voyage to Newfoundland, where the colony was originally going to be settled. His son Leonard became Maryland's first governor, while the other son, the 2nd Lord Baltimore, pleaded the case of the colony in Parliament.

[  ] For extra credit (requires a special advance appointment): The stained-glass window showing the Washington coat of arms inherited and used by George Washington, and incorporated in the flag of Washington, D.C. The window dates back to Durham College, which occupied the Trinity College site before the Reformation.

LORD NORTH: Apr. 15–Hey, I Just Did What Ben Said To (Updated May 13, 2016)

Benjamin Franklin.

On this day in 1774, a British newspaper published an open letter by autodidact (high school dropout) Benjamin Franklin to Britain’s prime minister–Oxonian Frederick, Lord North. 

The newspaper was published in England, in The Public Advertiser. Franklin signed himself "A Friend to Military Government". 

He wrote as from the Smyrna Coffee House on St. James Street in London; this was for decades a well-known meeting place of the liberal Whig party. North was the leader of the ruling Tory party.

Lord North.

Franklin’s sarcastic letter suggested to Lord North that King George should ASAP respond to the insolence of the  American colonial rebels as follows:

• Impose martial law in the colonies, i.e., closing the civil courts.
• Appoint a “King’s Viceroy of all North America" to keep order.
• Collect its taxes through whatever intimidation was required.
• Then sell to Spain the impoverished colonies and its colonists ("the soil and the people on it").

Did Lord North take the letter seriously? Based on his subsequent actions, it certainly seems as though he did...

• The next month, in May 1774, his government passed the Massachusetts Government Act, imposing martial law on Massachusetts, where the rebels were most vocal.
• General Thomas Gage was appointed to institute the military government.
• He was made the colony’s royal governor.

The response of the colonies was the Declaration of Independence, which followed in 1776. The colonies were no longer so easy to sell to Spain.

An Open Letter to Lord North

Smyrna Coffee-House, April 5. [1774]
For the Public Advertiser. [Published April 15, 1774]

To Lord North.

My Lord,

All your small Politicians, who are very numerous in the English Nation, from the patriotic Barber to the patriotic Peer, when big with their Schemes for the Good of poor Old England, imagine they have a Right to give Advice to the Minister, and condemn Administration if they do not adopt their Plan. I, my Lord, who have no mean Opinion of my Abilities, which is justified by the Attention that is paid to me when I harangue at the Smyrna and Old Slaughter’s, am willing to contribute my Mite to the public Welfare; and have a Proposal to make to your Lordship, which I flatter myself will be approved of by the Ministry, and if carried into Execution, will quiet all the Disturbances in America, procure a decent Revenue from our Colonies, make our royal Master (at least there) a King de facto, as well as de jure; and finally, as it may be managed, procure a round Sum towards discharging the national Debt.

My Scheme is, without Delay to introduce into North America a Government absolutely and entirely Military. The Opposition which some People suspect would be made by the Colonies, is a mere Bugbear: The Sight of a few Regiments of bold Britons, appearing with Ensigns displayed, and in all the Pomp of War, a Specimen of which may be seen every Summer at the Grand Review on Wimbledon Common, with that great Commander G——l G——e at their Head, accompanied with a Detachment from the Artillery, and Half a Dozen short Sixes, would so intimidate the Americans, that the General might march through the whole Continent of North America, and would have little else to do but to accept of the Submission of the several Towns as he passed. But as the Honour would be too great for one Man to reduce to absolute Subjection so great an Extent of Territory, I would propose that a separate Command be given to L——d G—— G——e, who by his animated Speeches in the House, and coinciding so entirely with your Lordship’s Opinion on the proper Methods for humbling America, deserves a Share in the Fame of such a grand Exploit. Let him have one half of the Army under his Direction, and march from New York to South Carolina. No one can object to the Nomination, as his Military Prowess is upon Record. 

The Regiments that are in America, with those who are about to embark, will be amply sufficient, without being at the Expence of sending more Troops. Those who served in America the last War, know that the Colonists are a dastardly Set of Poltroons; and though they are descended from British Ancestors, they are degenerated to such a Degree, that one born in Britain is equal to twenty Americans. The Yankey Doodles have a Phrase when they are not in a Humour for fighting, which is become proverbial, I don’t feel bould To-day. When they make this Declaration, there is no prevailing on them to attack the Enemy or defend themselves. If contrary to Expectation they should attempt an Opposition, procure Intelligence when it happens not to be their fighting Day, attack them and they will fly like Sheep pursued by a Wolf. 

When all North America have thus bent their Neck to the Yoke designed for them, I would propose that the Method made use of by the Planters in the West Indies may be adopted, who appoint what they call a Negro Driver, who is chosen from among the Slaves. It is observed that the little Authority that is given him over his Fellow Slaves, attaches him to his Master’s Interest, and his Cruelty would be without Bounds were he not restrained; but the Master is certain, that the utmost Exertion of Strength will be exacted by this cruel Task-Master for the Proprietor’s Emolument. Let all the Colonists be enrolled in the Militia, subject of course to Martial Law. Appoint a certain Number of Officers from among the conquered People, with good Pay, and other Military Emoluments; they will secure their Obedience in the District where they command.

Let no other Courts be allowed through the whole Continent but Courts Martial. An Inhabitant, who disobeys an Order, may by a Court Martial be sentenced to receive from One Hundred to a Thousand Lashes in a frosty Morning, according to the Nature of his Offence. Where Punishment is thus secure, this Advantage will accrue, that there will not be the same Necessity of hanging up so many poor Devils as in this free Country; by which Means the Service of many an able Man is lost to the Community. I humbly propose that the General and Commander in Chief be vested with the Power, and called by the Name of the King’s Viceroy of all North America. This will serve to impress the Americans with greater Respect for the first Magistrate, and have a Tendency to secure their Submission. All Orders issuing from this supreme Authority to have the Force of Laws.

After this happy Change of Government, how easy to collect what Taxes you please in North America. When the Colonists are drained of their last Shilling, suppose they should be sold to the best Bidder. As they lie convenient for France or Spain, it may be reasonably expected one of those little Powers would be a Purchaser. I think Spain is to be preferred, as their Power hath more of the Ready than France. I will venture a Conjecture, that the Ministry might get at least Two Millions for the Soil, and the People upon it. With such a Sum what glorious Things might he not achieve! Suppose it should be applied towards the Payment of one hundredth Part of the National Debt, I [it?] would give him an Opportunity of drawing down upon him the Blessing of the Poor by making him to take off the Halfpenny Duty on Porter. Considering the probable Stability of the present Ministry, this Honour may be reserved for your Lordship.

My Lord, excuse the Crudity of these indigested Hints, which your Wisdom is so capable of improving; and believe me, with infinite Respect, Your Lordship’s Most obedient Humble Servant,

A Friend To Military Government

(Bold face added by your blogger to show the main points of the letter.)

BIRTH: July 10–Oxonian Edmund Clerihew Bentley (Updated Feb. 21, 2016)

1. Edmund Clerihew Bentley, Ever so gently,
Did what he had to do, And gave us the clerihew.

Edmund Bentley, in '75, / Wasted no time in coming alive. / Alone he created the clerihew. / Read on a bit, and I'll share a few.

At 16, at St. Paul's School, England, before going up to Merton College, Oxford, he invented a kind of verse, a potted biography made up of two rhyming couplets, the first line of which is provided by the name of a famous person.

A collection of clerihews appears in his first book, Biography for Beginners (1905).

The verse form was subsequently picked up by G.K. Chesterton and W.H. Auden. An examples from Auden follows below.

The most venerated clerihews are the ones that do their job in a very small number of words.

The authors of the unnumbered clerihews are identified. The seven numbered ones, for better or verse, are mine.

2. The elder William Pitt,
Dreamt of empire wholly Brit.
So he chased the French away,
But they came back for the USA.

3. George the Third
Gave the word:
"Tax the Yanks!"
They said: "No thanks!"

4. Frederick Lord North
Sent tax men forth -
Boston's sailors made them swim.
How could he have been so dim?

5. General George Washington -
After Yorktown said: "I'm done!"
But, lined up at his residence,
Folks said: "Please be first of our Presidents!"

Here's one inspired by a comment in 2013 by Wendell Fitzgerald (to whom I give a tip of the hat):

6. Reformer Henry George
Hammered at the land-tax forge.
He tried to make it the major key
For eliminating poverty.

Now that you have gotten the idea, it is time to appreciate the classic examples.

The first-ever clerihew was written about Sir Humphry Davy by Bentley while at St. Paul's.

Sir Humphry Davy
Abominated gravy.
He lived in the odium
Of having discovered sodium.

Here's another Bentley:

John Stuart Mill,
By a mighty effort of will,
Overcame his natural bonhomie
And wrote Principles of Political Economy.

Auden's Literary Graffiti includes:

Sir Henry Rider Haggard
Was completely staggered
When his bride-to-be
Announced, "I am She!"

The subject of a clerihew written by the students of Sherborne School in England, was Alan Turing, the founder of computing, who was at King's College, Cambridge before going to Princeton University and joining Einstein's Institute for Advanced International Studies before he became part of the Bletchley Park code-breaking group.

Turing
Must have been alluring
To get made a don
So early on.

To which I offer an alternative that gains points for being more topical but loses them again for being longer.

7. Turing at Bletchley, says the lore,
Broke Nazi code and shortened the war.
But his nation later looked away
As he suffered dearly for being gay.

A clerihew much appreciated by chemists is cited in Dark Sun by Richard Rhodes, and describes the inventor of the thermos bottle (or Dewar flask):

Sir James Dewar
Is smarter than you are -
None of you asses
Can liquefy gases.

In 1983, Games Magazine ran a contest titled "Do You Clerihew?" The winning entry, which I savor again and again, each time appreciating it the more, was:

Did Descartes
Depart
With the thought
"Therefore I'm not"?

Bentley would have wallowed in the subtlety of the Descartes clerihew, in which the amount of time left to think–and therefore be–asymptotically approaches zero. Bentley's first mystery book was Trent's Last Case (1913), in which the detective hero triumphally announces how he has uncovered a brilliant solution to the murder... but is then shown by a lesser mind why this solution is, inconveniently, wrong.

More Oxford bios here.

BIRTHDAYS: Oxonians (Updated March 3, 2016)

Any Oxonian with a Wikipedia entry, dead or alive, belongs on the birthday list.

This post was opened March 7, 2015. It includes college and year of birth.

I have sprinkled in a few Cambridge people that I happen to have written up in relation to the Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race Dinners.

If you have names to add to the list, please send them to me and I will add them in - jtmarlin@post.harvard.edu. See also Oxford Obits, by date of death.

January
03 | J.R.R. Tolkien, CBE (Exeter) 1892
27 | Charles Dodgson, "Lewis Carroll" (Ch.Ch.) 1832
February
13 | Anna Watkins (Cambridge rower)
21 | John Henry Cardinal Newman (Trinity) 1801
21 | W. H. Auden 
April
13 | Frederick Lord North (Trinity) 1732
May
10 | James Viscount Bryce (Trinity) 1838
29 | Sir Basil "Gaffer" Blackwell (Merton) 1889
June 
04 | Dan Topolski (New) 1945
05 | James Smithson (Pembroke) 1765
16 | Adam Smith (Balliol) 1723
17 | John Wesley (Ch.Ch.) 1703
July 
10 | E. Clerihew Bentley (Merton) 1875
28 | Senator Bill Bradley (Worcester) 1943
August
08 | Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (Trinity) 1605
10 | George Goodman, "Adam Smith" (BNC) 1930
16 | T. E. Lawrence (of Arabia) (Jesus) 1888
September
07 | Peter Darrow (Trinity) 1950
October 
23 | Denis Woodfield (Lincoln) 1933
November
09 | Noel Godfrey Chavasse (Trinity) 1884
09 | Francis Chavasse (Trinity and St. Peter's) 1884
15 | William Pitt the Elder, Lord Chatham (Trinity) 1708
21 | Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, "Q" (Trinity) 1863
29 | C. S. Lewis (Univ.) 1898
December
18 | Charles Wesley (Ch.Ch.) 1707
22 | James Oglethorpe (Corpus), 1st Gov. of Georgia 1696

Birthdays Unknown
Euclid Tsakalotos (Queen's), Greek Minister of Finance, 1960
Leonard Calvert (Trinity), 1st Gov. of Maryland 1606
Rev. Lawrence Washington (BNC), GW's gggrandfather 1602
George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore (Trinity) 1579

TRINITY: Pitt Society lunch, 2015

Here I am at Trinity College, Oxford for the William Pitt
Society Lunch today. The College's chapel is behind me.
Photo: Alice Tepper Marlin.

OXFORD, U.K., Feb. 7, 2015 - Today I attended with Alice the William Pitt Society lunch, honoring William Pitt "the Elder", 1st Earl of Chatham.

Pitt is one of three British Prime Ministers who studied at Trinity, the other two being Lords Wilmington (Spencer Compton, the second Prime Minister after Robert Walpole) and North. Pitt's portrait hangs over high table; Lord North's portrait is less prominently positioned.

Pitt is the visionary who assembled the British Empire. He is "remembered as the architect of the victories of the Seven Years War, in which  Canada and parts of India and Africa were conquered", says the Pitt Society program.

In the Trinity chapel, at an excellent
music recital (piano, choir, cellos) by
students. Photo: Alice Tepper Marlin.

In the 13 American colonies, Pitt's troops chased away the French and hostile Indians, under the leadership of Scotsman General Edward Braddock, George Washington's military mentor. Braddock died in the assault on Fort Duquesne, near what is now named (after Pitt) Pittsburgh. On his deathbed, Braddock gave then-Colonel Washington his battle sash. Washington wore it the rest of his life and some of his best-remembered portraits show him wearing it.

Alice and Paul Gunn. Photo by JT Marlin

Pitt the Elder made possible the independence of the 13 colonies. Lord North, Trinity's third Prime Minister, made it, shall we say,  inevitable.

The Pitt Society lunch was created in 2007 to thank, during their lifetimes, those Trinity alumni who have included a legacy to Trinity in their wills. Sir Ivor Roberts, President of Trinity, kindly noted that a letter I wrote launched the Pitt Society in 2006.

In the first year, the Society had 21 members. It now has more than 100.

Chris and John at the former Red Lion. Photo by Alice
Tepper Marlin.

Some of the alumni that Alice and I spoke with at the lunch were:

Ian Senior (1958)
Nigel Armstrong-Flemming (1958)
Mark Pellew (1961)
Arthur Thorning (1962)
Mike Baldwin (1963)
Paul Gunn (1963)
Roger Baresel (1966)

Postscript 1: I was curious why William Pitt the Younger, the 2nd Lord Chatham, was not Trinity's fourth Prime Minister. Not only did he attend a different college, he migrated all the way to Cambridge, where he took up residence at Pembroke College. The hike over the fens must have worn him out. Because he was so thin, he was called "the bottomless Pitt".

Postscript 2: That evening Paul Gunn joined Alice, Chris and me at what used to be called the Red Lion in Wolvercote, just outside Oxford. Paul lives in Stratford-upon-Avon. Back in 1962-64, Paul was on the same staircase as me at Trinity - Staircase 5 on the  front quad. (Staircase 6 is the one, I understand, where Bill Clinton attended a party at which he did not inhale.)

The late Bede Rundle, a philosophy Fellow, was also on the same staircase. I just heard that his wife has sadly also died.

The name of the Red Lion was changed - the establishment is under new management. I will some day finish this postscript 2 when I have found out the new name.

OXFORD: Alumni in the American Colonies (Chart)

Oxford Alumni Who Shaped the USA and Canada, 1585-1797
1. Oxonians made it both possible and inevitable for the American colonies to become independent.
2. All of the eight colonies between New York and Florida were founded or once owned in whole or part by an Oxonian. (Cambridge played a bigger role in New England.) 
  

Date	Oxford Alum	College	US Connection	State	Comment
1585	Sir Walter Raleigh	Oriel, Oxford – but didn’t take up residence	Explorer, founded Roanoke for the glory of the Queen	VA later was NC	In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh founded the first English colony at Roanoke in North America. He named the colony as Virginia after Queen Elizabeth I. However, the expedition being funded by himself, the Roanoke colony couldn't generate a stable revenue and was abandoned. The Carolina Province was later split off from Virginia and  its capital - Raleigh, NC - was named after Sir Walter. Read more at http://bit.ly/15B1UqE.
1567	Rev. Lawrence Washing-ton,  Fellow of Brasenose College Oxford (his two sons emigrated to Va.) was GW's gggfather.	Brasenose, Oxford (same college as current PM Cameron)	A Laurence Wasshington [sic] was registered at Oxford University in 1567 (at birth?).  Another Laurence Washington, likely his son, registered at Oxford University in 1594, from Northamptonshire. The Lawrences of Ashton Hall, Lancs., were intermarried with the de Lancasters and the Washingtons. (http://www.lawrencefamhis.com/ashton-o/p230.htm.)  George Washington (1732-99), first U.S. President (1789-1797), was born at Bridges Creek, Virginia. His great-grandfather John Washington and his brother Lawrence settled there in 1658 from Dillicar in Co. Westmorland. The background of the flag of Westmorland, just west of Durham County and Yorkshire, is the red-and-white stripes of the de Lancaster family, one form of whose crest has a single star in the canton.  The multiple Washington stars are a family addition.  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-tepper-marlin/washington-coat-of-arms_b_1906733.html http://nyctimetraveler.blogspot.com/2013/03/george-washington-ties-to-oxford.html Many believe the U.S. stars and stripes are derived at least indirectly from GW’s family coat of arms, which feature red (Gules) stars (Mullets) and stripes (Bars). (The District of Columbia flag is a direct copy of the Washington family red-and-white stars and stripes.) The Washington, Md., flag has blue stars.	USA, VA DC	GW’s earliest recorded ancestor was Patric FitzDolfin de Offerton, whose son William de Hertburn served the bishop of Durham, and who in 1185 was granted the manor of Washington in return for the service of attending the episcopal hunt with four greyhounds. The family lived on the estate for 400 years, but in 1613 it was sold back to the church. http://www.4crests.com/washington-coat-of-arms.html Ancestry of George Washington (the use of the de Lancaster stripes suggests the family is related) : #Patric FitzDolfin de Offerton, c. 1145-1182 #William FitzPatric de Hertburn, c. 1165-1194 #William de Washington, c. 1180-1239  #Walter de Washington, c. 1212-1264 #William de Washington, c. 1240-1288 #Robert de Washington, 1265-1324 #Robert de Washington, c. 1296-1348 #John de Washington, c. 1346-1408 #John de Washington, c. 1380-1423 #Robert Washington, 1404-1483 #Robert Washington, 1455-1528 #John Washington, 1478-1528 #Lawrence Washington, 1500-1583  #Robert Washington, c. 1544-1623  #Lawrence Washington, c. 1567-1616  #Rev. Lawrence Washington, 1602-1653 Brasenose College gggfather  #John Washington, c. 1631-1677 migrated to USA ggfather #Lawrence Washington, 1659-1698 gfather #Augustine Washington, 1694-1743 father #George Washington, 1732-1799, first President http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancestry_of_George_Washington&action=edit&section=3
1732	James Oglethorpe	Corpus Christi, Oxford	Reformer, exposed terrible conditions in debtor prisons. Saw Georgia as haven for refugees from Britain’s prisons. In fact, the actual immigrants were skilled people.	GA	Landed 1732, settled near present Savannah, GA, in 1733. Negotiated with Indians for land, created forts. Georgia established as a buffer between Spanish Florida and South Carolina. Abolished slavery. Tolerant of all religions except Roman Catholicism. Named Governor of Georgia.
1776 (book)	Adam Smith	Balliol, Ox	Led opposition to tariffs on trade. The Wealth of Nations was published in 1776.	USA	Founder of free-trade classical economics, originator of the concept of the invisible hand operating in markets. Opposed mercantilist ideas in “The Wealth of Nations.”
1632	Calvert, 1st and 2nd Barons Baltimore and brother	Trinity, Ox	Founder. Roman Catholic, sought a place where Catholics could find refuge, bc they were not allowed to colonize Virginia, Georgia and other colonies. Pioneer in religious tolerance. 1st Baron Calvert got the land in Md. carved out of Virginia for Catholics. One son went to America and the other stayed behind to take the title and work in government. http://ox-cam-nyc.blogspot.com/2012/09/oxford-educated-calverts-settle-maryland.html	MD	George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore, secured rights to Maryland as a Catholic haven in the way of expansion of anti-Catholic Virginia. Cecilius Calvert continued this interest as 2nd Lord Baltimore and his brother became the first governor. They worked both sides of the Atlantic as Virginians tried to fight back against the loss of some of their land.
c. 1710	John 2nd Baron Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville	Christ Church, Oxford	Founder, Carolinas. Inherited from his ggfather Sir George Carteret one-eighth of Province of Carolina along the Virginia border. Unlike other owners, he refused to sell back to the Crown. Granville County named after him. Oxford, NC named for his alma mater (http://www1.oxfordnc.org/index.html). Was the real power in the government when Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington (Trinity, Oxford graduate) was Britain's 2nd PM, after Walpole, for two years.	NC, SC	Descendant was grandmother of Diana, Princess of Wales. Jonathan Swift said of him: “He carried away [from Oxford] more Greek, Latin and Philosophy than properly became a person of his rank.” Migration tended to be southward, with Virginians coming down to the Carolina for cheaper land. South Carolina split away (as Delaware did from Pennsylvania) in 1719-1729.
1758	William Pitt the Elder (1st Earl of Chatham)	Trinity, Ox	Kicked Out French + Allied Indians. http://ox-cam-nyc.blogspot.com/2013/03/bornemans-french-and-indian-war-shows.html	USA	Pitt had the imperial vision that supported British soldiers going to the colonies and chasing French forces to Canada (and eventually out of North America). http://ox-cam-nyc.blogspot.com/2012/09/oxford-in-usa-2-making-independence.html
1773	Frederick Lord North	Trinity, Oxford	Overtaxed the colonies to pay for Pitt’s wars. http://ox-cam-nyc.blogspot.com/2012/09/oxford-in-america-3-making-independence.html	USA	Pitt was greatly opposed to making the colonies pay.
1620	Oxford Pilgrims	Oxford	Colonist	MA	Various pilgrims landing at Plymouth etc. attended Oxford
1681	William Penn	Christ Church, Oxford	Founded Pennsylvania as an extension of New Jersey, which had been purchased as a Quaker haven. Like the Calverts, he was a pioneer of religious tolerance. Founded Philadelphia, whose charter became a basis of the U.S. Constitution. Became close to the founder of the Quakers, George Fox. Persecuted for his views, a jury’s refusal to convict him resulted in a breakthrough in the law of jury nullification.	PA, DE, NJ	Son of a supporter of the King of England, who was knighted and made an admiral, Penn – although he broke with his father on religious and peace issues - was given the land that is now known as Pennsylvania and Delaware as settlement of a debt owed by King Charles. A visionary, he created a colony committed to peace and envisioned a union of all the colonies, as well as a similar union in Europe. Charles II named Pennsylvania after William Penn’s father. Delaware split off bc the leaders of this area did not like being under a Quaker government.
Date	Cambridge	College	US Connection	State	Comment
1636	John Harvard	Emma-nuel, Cam- bridge	Colonist	MA	Donated his library to Harvard, thereby gave the College his name. Among the influential colonists were a number of Cambridge (hence Harvard's city name)  graduates. http://bit.ly/14bpApf